La nostra Capitale della Cultura
di Jean Clair
da «L’inverno della cultura», ed. Skira
Baudelaire ammetteva che il culto delle immagini era sempre stato “la sua grande, unica, primitiva passione”. Non parlava della cultura delle immagini, parlava di culto. Il culto da lui votato a Rubens, Goya o Delacroix non è un’adorazione dell’uomo in quanto uomo, un’autocelebrazione, un’antropolatria che di secolo in secolo si fa indubbiamente più ributtante, ma è il tentativo di presentire, nell’opera creata dalla mano dell’uomo, un infinito non circoscrivibile in un’immagine, alla stessa stregua dell’ortodosso che, attraverso l’icona e la sua venerazione, vuole rendere grazie alla divinità.
Baudelaire si trova nel bel mezzo di quel periodo – segnato da Fichte, Hegel e Nietzsche – che vede instaurarsi in Germania il processo di Selbstvergötterung, l’autodeificazione dell’uomo. Kirilov, nei Demoni di Dostoevskij, dirà: “[Sono] Dio, mio malgrado”. E Antonin Artaud, nel 1947: “Non perdonerò mai a nessuno / di aver potuto essere insozzato da vivo / per tutta la mia esistenza / e ciò / unicamente a causa del fatto / che ero io / a essere dio/ veramente dio¹”.
Ma Baudelaire rimane un uomo di compassione, cui il Superuomo è estraneo, così come il suo culto delle immagini è agli antipodi del Kulturell dei filosofi che si arrogano di uno Spirito onnipotente. Dice anche, a proposito dell’arte, che è piena di “ardenti singhiozzi” e che lui non concepisce “un tipo di Bellezza in cui non ci sia dell’Infelicità”. Tutte cose che ci sono diventate quasi incomprensibili.
Chiese, pale d’altare, liturgie, magnificenza delle funzioni religiose: i tempi antichi praticavano la cultura del culto. Musei, “installazioni”, mostre, fiere dell’arte: oggi ci si dedica al culto della cultura. Dal culto ridotto alla cultura, dalle effigi sacre degli dei ai simulacri dell’arte profana, dalle opere d’arte ai rifiuti delle avanguardie, nello spazio di cinquant’anni siamo caduti nel “culturale”: affari culturali, prodotti culturali, attività culturali, passatempi culturali, animatori culturali, gestori delle organizzazioni culturali, direttori dello sviluppo culturale e, perché no?, “mediatori della nuova cultura”, “intermediari della creazione” e anche “direttori del marketing culturale”… Tutta un’organizzazione complessa della vita dello spirito, o meglio delle spoglie dell’antica cultura, con la sua curia, la sua clericatura, le sue eminenze grigie, i suoi sinodi, i conclavi, i concili, gli ispettori alla Creazione, i turiferari e gli imprecatori, i papi e gli inquisitori, i guardiani della fede e i mercanti del Tempio…
Nella vita quotidiana, per essere in tono con questa inflazione culturale, ci si metterà a salmodiare sulla parola “cultura”: “cultura d’impresa”, “cultura del management” (negli affari),” cultura dello scontro” (in uno sciopero), “cultura dell’insicurezza” (il partito socialista), “cultura delle relazioni sociali” (in una fabbrica), “cultura del pallone” (nel calcio)… Invocata a ogni piè sospinto, la parola è diventata ormai il jingle dei particolarismi, delle idiosincrasie, del reflusso gastrico, un rutto di tic collettivi, una formula magica dei gruppi, delle coorti o delle bande che ne hanno perso l’uso. Se prima aspirava all’universale, la cultura non è ormai che l’espressione di riflessi condizionati, di soddisfazioni zoologiche.
Nel mio ruolo di direttore di un museo, ogni anno mi veniva chiesto di definire il mio “PC”, ossia il mio “progetto culturale”. Alla domanda era allegato un formulario. Lo leggevo perplesso. Quale può essere il progetto di un museo che custodisce un patrimonio? Oggi che, con il passare degli anni, gli amministratori, gli ex allievi dell’École Nationale d’Administration, i laureati dell’École polytechnique e i direttori finanziari sono diventati i veri padroni dei musei, si scopre che stendere un “PC” equivale a sfruttare – sotto la doppia autorità di un “direttore dello Sviluppo” e di un “direttore della Comunicazione” – i “depositi culturali” di cui si ha la salvaguardia nello stesso modo in cui si sfrutterebbero gli strati di carbone o le sacche di petrolio. Scopo della “comunicazione” sarà allora trovare nuove esche, nuovi mieli per attirare le bestie di passaggio.
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